High-performance organic photovoltaic modules using eco-friendly solvents for various indoor application scenarios

The development of the internet-of-thing (IoT) ecosystem has an urgent demand for convenient energy sources, such as indoor organic photovoltaics (IOPVs), to power IoT devices. However, the limited medium band-gap acceptors hinder the development of IOPVs. Herein, we report a ternary system suitable for indoor applications. Introducing BTA1 into the J52-Cl:BTA3 host blend can optimize energy offsets and molecular packing of the host materials and suppress the non-radiative recombination. Consequently, the tetrahydrofuran-processed ternary devices exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.22% under 1 sun and an outstanding PCE of 28.84% under a 1,000 lux LED light. Furthermore, we have constructed large-scale opaque and semitransparent modules with PCEs of 22.0% and 14.77%, respectively. Impressively, the ternary IOPV also displays a normal organic light-emitting diode performance. This work suggests that the designed ternary system possesses great potential light-emitting functions for indoor multifunctional-integrated applications.