Decoding the colorectal cancer ecosystem emphasizes the cooperative role of cancer cells, TAMs and CAFsin tumor progression

Background Single-cell transcription data provided unprecedented molecular information, enabling us to directly encode the ecosystem of colorectal cancer (CRC). Characterization of the diversity of epithelial cells and how they cooperate with tumor microenvironment cells (TME) to endow CRC with aggressive characteristics at single-cell resolution is critical for the understanding of tumor progression mechanism. Methods In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the single-cell transcription data, bulk-RNA sequencing data and pathological tissue data. In detail, cellular heterogeneity of TME and epithelial cells were analyzed by unsupervised classification and consensus nonnegative matrix factorization analysis, respectively. Functional status of epithelial clusters was annotated by CancerSEA and its crosstalk with TME cells was investigated using CellPhoneDB and correlation analysis. Findings from single-cell transcription data were further validated in bulk-RNA sequencing data and pathological tissue data. Results A distinct cellular composition was observed between tumor and normal tissues, and tumors exhibited immunosuppressive phenotypes. Regarding epithelial cells, we identified one highly invasiveQuery cluster, C4, that correlated closely with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Further analysis emphasized the TAMs subclass TAM1 and CAFs subclass S5 are closely related with C4. Conclusions In summary, our study elaborates on the cellular heterogeneity of CRC, revealing that TAMs and CAFs were critical for crosstalk network epithelial cells and TME cells. This in-depth understanding of cancer cell-TME network provided theoretical basis for the development of new drugs targeting this sophisticated network in CRC.