To see or not to see: Evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging sequences for use in MR Linac-based radiotherapy treatment

Background/Purpose: This work evaluated the suitability of MR derived sequences for use in online adaptive RT workflows on a 1.5 Tesla (T) MR-Linear Accelerator (MR Linac). Materials/Methods: Non-patient volunteers were recruited to an ethics approved MR Linac imaging study . Participants attended 1-3 imaging sessions in which a combination of DIXON, 2D and 3D volumetric T1 and T2 weighted images were acquired axially, with volunteers positioned using immobilisation devices typical for radiotherapy to the anatomical region being scanned. Images from each session were appraised by three independent reviewers to determine optimal sequences over six anatomical regions: head and neck, female and male pelvis, thorax (lung), thorax (breast/chest wall) and abdomen. Site specific anatomical structures were graded by the perceived ability to accurately contour a typical organ at risk. Each structure was independently graded on a 4-point Likert scale as " Very Clear', " Clear ', " Unclear ' or " Not visible ' by observers, consisting of radiographers (therapeutic and diagnostic) and clinicians. Results: From July 2019 to September 2019, 18 non-patient volunteers underwent 24 imaging sessions in the following anatomical regions: head and neck (n = 3), male pelvis (n = 4), female pelvis (n = 5), lung/oesophagus (n = 5) abdomen (n = 4) and chest wall/breast (n = 3). T2 sequences were the most preferred for perceived ability to contour anatomy in both male and female pelvis. For all other sites T1 weighted DIXON sequences were most favourable. Conclusion:This study has determined the preferential sequence selection for organ visualisation, as a pre-requisite to our institution adopting MR-guided radiotherapy for a more diverse range of disease sites.