Antigen self-presenting nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy has made breakthroughs in clinical application and has become the fourth most prevalent tumor treat-ment method after surgical resection,chemotherapy,and radio-therapy.It mainly enhances the anti-tumor immunity of the tumor microenvironment by stimulating or mobilizing the immune system to control and kill tumor cells[1].T lymphocytes are an important component of the body's immune system,which indirectly or directly affects the occurrence and development of tumors,and emerging advances in T lymphocyte-based tumor immunotherapy also attract much more attention.It is a common knowledge that the activation,proliferation,and differentiation of antigen-specific lymphocytes are the key to the successful estab-lishment of anti-tumor immunity,and this process largely depends on the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells(APCs)[1].Activation of CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTLs)has proved to be an important role in cancer immunotherapy.Tumor antigens are presented to T cells through major histocompatibility complex class I(MHC-I)molecules on the surface of APCs,thereby stimulating the activation and proliferation of CD8+T cells,and finally producing a strong,sustained,and effective CTL response[2].Therefore,fully mobilizing the function of T lymphocytes is essential for tumor immunotherapy.