Evaluating the efficiency of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane processes for the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from water: A critical review

•There are 26 types of NF/RO membranes in use or under investigation for PFAS removal.•Under environmentally relevant pH and concentration, NF and RO can effectively remove long chain PFAS from water.•More study should focus on overlooked compounds with smaller size, shorter C-F chain, and higher hydrophilicity.•Novel membrane materials, modifications, and hybrid treatment trains with improved PFAS selectivity/fouling resistance are expected.