Static bike repositioning problem with heterogeneous distribution characteristics in bike sharing systems

Bike sharing is one of the recent trends in urban areas as a solution for the mobility problem, where it is seen as a significant component of local transportation due to the need to ensure last-mile transportation. Bike sharing systems enable bicycles to be rented at a station for a ride and be dropped off at another station which provides flexibility to users. However, incorporating a bike sharing system into the transportation network of a city involves its own challenges including balancing the supply and demand within stations, and scheduling bikes’ repositioning.