Photochemical defense as trait of fungi from Cortinarius subgenus Dermocybe

The photobiological activity of ten colorful species belonging to subgenus Dermocybe of the basidiomycete genus Cortinarius was investigated. Extracts of all species produced singlet oxygen and are thus photoactive. Pigment analysis was performed and showed similarities of the anthraquinone pigments across the species in dependency to their respective pigmentation types. Detailed content analysis of the pigments in the whole agaricoid fruiting body compared to the three different tissue types (pileus, stipe, and lamellae) revealed that the pigments emodin, dermocybin, and dermorubin, as well as their respective glycosides, are enhanced in the gills. In an independent experiment, the gills were shown to be the most photoactive tissues of the fruiting body. Photobiological experiments with invertebrates ( i.e. , glassworm Chaoborus crystallinus ) proved a phototoxic effect of the methanolic extract of the red blood webcap ( Cortinarius sanguineus var . aurantiovaginatus ). This work adds further evidence to a common photobiological trait in Cortinarius subgenus Dermocybe and underpins the possibility of a photochemical defense mechanism in fungi. Graphical abstract