Distribution of 22 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in 13 Cytokine Genes in Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia

Introduction: Cytokines are cell signaling glycoproteins that are particularly important in immunity and inflammatory responses. Therefore, variations, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in genes encoding for cytokines may have important consequences for their roles in health.Materials and Methods: A total of 222 unrelated, healthy, and un-admixed Malays (n = 97), Chinese (n = 77), and Indians (n = 48) with a median age of 30 years old (range 21-50) were typed for 22 cytokine gene SNPs: IL-1 alpha -889 T/C, IL-1 beta (-511 T/C, +3962 T/C), IL-1R pst1 1970 T/C, IL-1RA mspa1 11100 T/C, IL-4R alpha +1902 G/A, IL-12 - 1188 C/A, IFN-gamma +874 A/T, TGF-beta (cdn 10 C/T, cdn 25 G/C), TNF-alpha (-308 A/G, -238 A/G) IL-2 (+166 G/T, -330 T/G), IL-4 (-1098 T/G, -590 T/C, -33 T/C), IL-6 (-174 C/G, nt565 G/A), and IL-10 (-1082 G/A, -819 C/T, -592 A/C). This involved using well-established polymerase chain reaction procedures with sequence-specific primers and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods.Results: The majority of the screened cytokine gene SNPs are polymorphic in all three ethnicities. Exceptions include TGF-beta cdn 25 (G/C), IL-1 beta +3962 (T/C), and TNF-alpha -238 (A/G), which were all observed to be monomorphic in Malays, Chinese and Indians. Many of the analyzed cytokine gene SNP genotypes deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the three ethnic study groups were all well-separated from reference Asian, African and European populations in a principal component analysis plot.Conclusion: We successfully typed 22 SNPs in 13 cytokine genes from genetic material collected from unrelated and un-admixed Malay, Chinese and Indian individuals in Peninsular Malaysia. These new cytokine gene population datasets reveal interesting contrasts with other populations.