Gastrointestinal genetic reprogramming of vitamin A metabolic pathways in response of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is one of the most performed bariatric surgical techniques. However, RYGB commonly results, as side effects, in nutritional deficiencies. This study aimed to examine changes in the expression of vitamin A pathway encoding genes in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and to evaluate the potential mechanisms associated with hypovitaminosis A after RYGB. Intestinal biopsies were obtained through double-balloon endoscopy in 20 women with obesity (age 46.9 +/- 6.2 years; body mass index [BMI] 46.5 +/- 5.3 kg/m(2) [mean +/- SD]) before and three months after RYGB (BMI, 38.2 +/- 4.2 kg/m(2)). Intestinal mucosal gene microarray analyses were performed in samples using a Human GeneChip 1.0 ST array (Affymetrix). Vitamin A intake was assessed from 7-day food records and serum retinot levels were evaluated by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Our results showed the following genes with significant downregulation (p <= 0.05): LIPF (-0.60), NPC1L1 (-0.71), BCO1 (-0.45), and RBP4 (-0.13) in duodenum: CD36 (-0.33), and ISX (-0.43) in jejunum and BCO1 (-0.29) in ileum. No significant changes in vitamin A intake were found (784 +/- 694 retinal equivalents [RE] pre-operative vs. 809 +/- 753 RE post-operative [mean +/- SD]). Although patients were routinely supplemented with 3500 international units IU/day (equivalent to 1050 mu gRE/day) of oral retinal palm itate, serum concentrations were lower in the post-operative when compared to pre-operative period (0.35 +/- 0.14 mu g/L vs. 0.52 +/- 0.33 mu g/L respectively - P=0.07), both within the normal range. After RYGB, the simultaneous change in expression of GI genes, may impair carotenoid metabolism in the enterocytes, formation of nascent chylomicrons and transport of retinol, resulting in lower availability of vitamin A.