Risk of Severe COVID-19 Outcomes Among Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases or Malignancies: A Retrospective Analysis of Real-World Data in the United States

Introduction There are concerns that patients in an immunocompromised state may be at risk for increased coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) or malignancies and evaluate their risk of developing severe COVID-19. Methods Cases of COVID-19 (ICD-10 code U07.1 or U07.2, or positive polymerase chain reaction or antigen test) among patients with IMIDs or malignancies were identified in the US-based Optum ® Electronic Health Records database between 1 February 2020 and 3 March 2021. Age- and sex-standardized risks of severe COVID-19 were calculated by condition of interest. The risks were further adjusted by multiple covariates, and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results A total of 499,772 patients with COVID-19 were identified (mean [SD] age, 46.9 [20.7] years; 57.0% female). Patients with hematologic cancers (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 2.0, 1.8–2.1), solid tumors (aRR 1.1, 1.1–1.1), or rheumatoid arthritis (aRR 1.2, 1.1–1.3) had a significantly higher risk of severe COVID-19 compared to the general population of patients with COVID-19. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (aRR 1.1, 0.9–1.2), psoriasis (aRR 1.0, 0.7–1.2), ulcerative colitis (aRR 0.9, 0.8–1.1), Crohn’s disease (aRR 0.9, 0.7–1.0), or ankylosing spondylitis (aRR 0.8, 0.5–1.0) showed a comparable risk of severe COVID-19. Patients with atopic dermatitis (aRR 0.8, 0.7–0.9) or psoriatic arthritis (aRR 0.8, 0.6–1.0) showed a lower risk of severe COVID-19. Conclusions The risk of developing severe COVID-19 varied between the studied IMIDs and malignancies. Patients with hematologic cancers, solid tumors, or rheumatoid arthritis had significantly increased risk for severe COVID-19 compared to the general population. These findings highlight the need to protect and monitor immunocompromised patients such as those with IMIDs or malignancies as part of the strategy to control the pandemic worldwide.