Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Reprograms the Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Improves Murine Cancer Outcomes

Following the breakthrough of immune check point inhibitors (ICIs), a new era of immuno-oncology agents has emerged and established immunotherapy as a part of cancer treatment. Despite the improving outcomes of ICIs, many patients with initial response are known to develop acquired resistance later. There is increasing interest in utilizing other stimulatory means, such as anti-pathogen immune responses to induce anti-tumor immune responses. The immunostimulatory effects of anti-pathogen-treated tumors in combinations with ICI are known to potentially amplify anti-tumor immunity resulting in increased tumor responses and improved outcomes. Anti-pathogen-treated tumors can become immune-infiltrated “hot” tumors and demonstrate higher treatment response rates and improved survival. Our research group has previously demonstrated that tumors can be converted from “cold” to “hot” by intratumoral injection of a commercially available seasonal influenza vaccine. In continuation with our work, in deciphering the role of anti-viral immunity in the context of tumor immunology, we studied the role of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus as anti-tumor agent. Here we report that intratumoral injections of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 convert the immunologically cold tumors to hot by generating anti-tumor-mediated CD8+ T cells. Our findings suggest that inactivated SARS-CoV-2 can be used as an immune modulator in immunotherapy for melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.