Time-dependent in situ structural and cellular aberrations in rabbit cornea in vivo after mustard gas exposure

An array of corneal pathologies collectively called mustard gas keratopathy (MGK) resulting from ocular exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) gas are the most prevalent chemical warfare injury. MGK involves chronic ocular discomfort that results in vision impairment. The etiology of MGK remains unclear and poorly understood primarily due to a lack of scientific data regarding structural and cellular changes in different layers of the cornea altered by mustard vapor exposure in vivo. The goals of this study were to (a) characterize time-dependent changes in different layers of corneal epithelium, stroma, and endothelium in live animals in situ by employing state-of-the-art multimodal clinical ophthalmic imaging techniques and (b) determine if SM-induced acute changes in corneal cells could be rescued by a topical eye drop (TED) treatment using in an established rabbit in vivo model. Forty-five New Zealand White Rabbit eyes were divided into four groups (Naïve, TED, SM, and SM + TED). Only one eye was exposed to SM (200 mg-min/m3 for 8 min), and each group had three time points with six eyes each (Table-1). TED was topically applied twice a day for seven days. Clinical eye examinations and imaging were performed in live rabbits with stereo, Slit-lamp, HRT-RCM3, and Spectralis microscopy system. Fantes grading, fluorescein staining, Schirmer's tests, and applanation tonometry were conducted to measure corneal haze, ocular surface aberrations, tears, and intraocular pressure respectively. H&E and PSR staining were used for histopathological cellular changes in the cornea. In vivo confocal and OCT imaging revealed significant changes in structural and morphological appearance of corneal epithelium, stroma, and endothelium in vivo in SM-exposed rabbit corneas in a time-dependent manner compared to naïve cornea. Also, SM-exposed eyes showed loss of corneal transparency characterized by increased stromal thickness and light-scattering myofibroblasts or activated keratocytes, representing haze formation in the cornea. Neither naive nor TED-alone treated eyes showed any structural, cellular, and functional abnormalities. Topical TED treatment significantly reduced SM-induced abnormalities in primary corneal layers. We conclude that structural and cellular changes in primary corneal layers are early pathological events contributing to MGK in vivo, and efficient targeting of them with suitable agents has the potential to mitigate SM ocular injury.