QBO and ENSO Effects on the Mean Meridional Circulation, Polar Vortex, Subtropical Westerly Jets, and Wave Patterns During Boreal Winter

The joint influence of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the polar vortex, subtropical westerly jets (STJs), and wave patterns during boreal winter is investigated in 40 years (1979-2018) of monthly mean ERA-Interim reanalyses. The method of Wallace et al. (1993), is used to conduct a QBO phase angle sweep. QBO westerly (W) and easterly (E) composites are then segregated by the phase of ENSO. Two pathways are described by which the QBO mean meridional circulation (MMC) influences the northern winter hemisphere. The "stratospheric pathway" modulates stratospheric planetary wave absorption via the Holton-Tan mechanism. The "tropospheric pathway" modulates the tropical and subtropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. QBO MMC anomalies exhibit a checkerboard pattern in temperature and arched structures in zonal wind which extend into midlatitudes, and are stronger on the winter side. During QBO W, the polar vortex and STJs are enhanced. QBO signals in the polar vortex are amplified during La Nina. During El Nino and QBO W, the strongest STJs occur, and a warm pole/wave two pattern is found. During El Nino and QBO E, a trough is found over Eurasia and a ridge over the North Atlantic, in a wave one pattern. El Nino diminishes QBO anomalies in the tropical stratosphere and reduces the poleward extent and amplitude of the QBO MMC, thereby influencing the stratospheric pathway. Effects on the boreal winter hemisphere are attributed to the combined influence of the QBO and ENSO via both pathways.