Stress analysis of powder beds using constant-volume and constant-load shear tests: Characterization by repeated shearing and application to quasi-steady load shearing

•Constant-volume and constant-load shear tests were conducted.•Normal and shear stresses acting on a shear plane were accurately measured.•Results obtained using the two test methods presented reasonable concurrence.•Constant-volume shear tester reproduced constant-load shear test results.•A quasi-steady load shear test method was proposed.