Retraction Note: Simvastatin-loaded nano-niosomes efficiently downregulates the MAPK-NF-κB pathway during the acute phase of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Background Simvastatin can potentially mitigate acute inflammatory phase of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, these effects negatively influenced by its poor bioavailability, low water solubility and high metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects of SIM-loaded nano-niosomes on a rat model of MI/R injury to find a drug delivery method to tackle the barriers. Methods Nano-niosomes' characteristics were identified using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Sham; MI/R; MI/R + nano-niosome; MI/R + SIM; MI/R + SIM-loaded nano-niosomes. Left anterior descending artery was ligated for 45 min, and 3 mg/kg SIM, nano-niosomes, or SIM-loaded nano-niosomes was intramyocardially injected ten min before the onset of reperfusion. ELISA assay was used to assess cardiac injury markers (cTnI, CK-MB) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, TGF-beta, MPC-1). Expression level of MAPK-NF-kappa B and histopathological changes were evaluated by western blot and hematoxylin & eosin staining, respectively. Results the size of nano-niosome was 137 nm, reached to 163 nm when simvastatin was loaded. To achieve optimized niosomes span 80, a drug/cholesterol ratio of 0.4 and seven min of sonication time was applied. Optimized entrapment efficiency of SIM-loaded nano-niosomes was 98.21%. Inflammatory cytokines and the expression level of MAPK and NF-kappa B were reduced in rats receiving SIM-loaded nano-niosomes compared to MI/R + SIM and MI/R + SIM-loaded nano-niosomes. Conclusion Our results showed that SIM-loaded nano-niosomes could act more efficiently than SIM in alleviating the acute inflammatory response of reperfusion injury via downregulating the activation of MAPK-NF-kappa B.