Neuroplasticity and Adult Learning

The malleability of the adult brain to adapt in response to experience (termed neuroplasticity) is well documented. However, the capacity in which the aging trajectory and experiential factors impact neuroplasticity and learning over the lifespan remains an ongoing topic of research. Advancements in non-invasive human neuroimaging allow for the quantification of neurobiological mechanisms underpinning lifespan cognitive trajectories, including a deeper understanding of constructs such as cognitive and brain reserve, compensation, and resilience. While the theoretical models underpinning these constructs continue to evolve, cognitive reserve typically refers to an individual’s ability to sustain adequate levels of cognitive performance in the face of natural and/or pathological neurodegeneration. This chapter provides a review of the literature around factors that influence neuroplasticity over the adult lifespan. We propose that while cognitive trajectories could play a role in adult learning, they are also modifiable through neurobiological, sociocultural, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The aim of this chapter is to provide insights into adult learning through the lens of neuroplasticity. We first discuss age-related trajectories of cognitive abilities and evidence for structural and functional neuroplasticity over the adult lifespan. The chapter then discusses adult learning in the context of the environment, including the influence of prior knowledge and sociocultural beliefs. Literature surrounding healthy brain aging, with a focus on the role of lifestyle factors such as exercise, diet, and sleep on neuroplasticity and learning is then presented. Lastly, this chapter presents directions for future research, highlighting the importance of a holistic approach in understanding mediators of adult neuroplasticity and learning. We provide suggestions for the application of adult learning programs which can be grounded in a neurobiological framework of how the adult brain adapts, rewires, and acquires new skills over the lifespan.