Ramelteon Reduces Oxidative Stress by Maintenance of Lipid Homeostasis in Porcine Oocytes

This study aimed to determine the underlying mechanism of ramelteon on the competence of oocyte and subsequent embryo development in pigs during in vitro maturation (IVM). Our results showed that the cumulus expansion index was significantly lower in the control group compared to the ramelteon groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, supplementation of 10(-11) and 10(-9) M ramelteon significantly increased the cumulus expansion and development-related genes expression, and reduced apoptosis in cumulus cells (p < 0.05). In oocytes, the nuclear maturation rate was significantly improved in 10(-11), 10(-9), and 10(-7) M ramelteon groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). Additionally, the level of intracellular GSH was significantly increased and ROS was significantly decreased in ramelteon-supplemented groups, and the gene expression of oocyte development and apoptosis were significantly up- and down-regulated by 10(-11) and 10(-9) M ramelteon (p < 0.05), respectively. The immunofluorescence results showed that the protein levels of GDF9, BMP15, SOD1, CDK1, and PGC1 alpha were significantly increased by 10(-11) M ramelteon compared to the control (p < 0.05). Although there was no significant difference in cleavage rate, the blastocyst formation rate, total cell numbers, and hatching/-ed rate were significantly improved in 10(-11) M ramelteon group compared to the control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, embryo development, hatching, and mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes were dramatically up-regulated by 10(-11) M ramelteon (p < 0.05). In addition, the activities of lipogenesis and lipolysis in oocytes were dramatically increased by 10(-11) M ramelteon compared to the control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of 10(-11) M ramelteon during IVM improved the oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development by reducing oxidative stress and maintenance of lipid homeostasis.