Pediatric Chiari I malformation: novel and traditional measurements associated with syrinx and surgery

Purpose Multiple imaging parameters have been examined to estimate the presence of syrinx and the need for surgery in Chiari I patients (CM1); however, no consistent or definitive criteria have been proposed. The objective of this study was to review existing and identify novel radiological and clinical characteristics of CM1 patients that associate syrinx development and surgical intervention. Methods Patients with Chiari I malformation diagnosed on imaging between 0 and 18 years were retrospectively reviewed from January 1, 2007 to February 12, 2020. Participants were included if they had a baseline MRI of the head and spine prior to surgical intervention if required. Forty age-matched controls with cranial imaging were identified for comparison. Imaging parameters and clinical symptoms were recorded. Results A total of 122 CM1 patients were included in this study. Of the 122 patients, 28 (23%) had syrinx, and 27 (22%) had surgery. The following imaging parameters associated with syrinx and surgical intervention were identified: midbrain length ( P < 0.001; P = 0.032), the obex position ( P = 0.002; P < 0.001) and medullary kinking ( P = 0.041; P < 0.001). Among the clinical features, the presence of overall pain ( P = 0.017; P = 0.042), neck pain ( P = 0.005; P = 0.027), and sensory dysfunction ( P < 0.001) were found to be strongly associated with syrinx and surgery. Conclusion While further investigation is needed, these specific radiological and clinical parameters should be considered when evaluating CM1 patients and may be used to guide further management.