Scalable two-terminal all-perovskite tandem solar modules with a 19.1% efficiency

Monolithic all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics promise to combine low-cost and high-efficiency solar energy harvesting with the advantages of all-thin-film technologies. To date, laboratory-scale all-perovskite tandem solar cells have only been fabricated using non-scalable fabrication techniques. In response, this work reports on laser-scribed all-perovskite tandem modules processed exclusively with scalable fabrication methods (blade coating and vacuum deposition), demonstrating power conversion efficiencies up to 19.1% (aperture area, 12.25 cm 2 ; geometric fill factor, 94.7%) and stable power output. Compared to the performance of our spin-coated reference tandem solar cells (efficiency, 23.5%; area, 0.1 cm 2 ), our prototypes demonstrate substantial advances in the technological readiness of all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics. By means of electroluminescence imaging and laser-beam-induced current mapping, we demonstrate the homogeneous current collection in both subcells over the entire module area, which explains low losses (<5% rel ) in open-circuit voltage and fill factor for our scalable modules.