Zingiber officinale attenuates neuroinflammation in LPS-stimulated mouse microglia by AKT/STAT3, MAPK, and NF-kappa B signaling

To explore the protective activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) root ethanol extract (GRE) on the neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in microglial cells. Ginger has been investigated as a neuroprotective and anti-aging agent. Nevertheless, ginger extract attenuates neuroinflammation in microglia have not been discovered in depth. The results showed that GRE had high total phenolic and (55.63 +/- 0.16 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (4.33 +/- 0.17 mg QUE/g), and antioxidant activity. GRE inhibited the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators including COX-2, PGE 2, Nitric oxide, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, and iNOS. GRE ameliorated microglia-mediated neuronal insults via upregulating the expression of Bax and reducing the expression of Bcl-2. GRE suppressed NF-kappa B and AKT/STAT3, and the MAPK pathway in the neuroinflammatory response. In conclusions, GRE positively affected anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activity without serious side effects, which might be used as a functional food additive and/or therapeutic material for the management and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.