The extreme precipitation events of August 2018 and 2019 over southern Western Ghats, India: A microphysical analysis using in-situ measurements

The extreme rainfall events observed at the High-Altitude Cloud Physics Observatory (HACPO) in Rajamallay, Munnar (10° 9′19.94″N, 77° 1′6.65″E; 1820 m above MSL) over the southern Western Ghats (India) during the floods in 2018 and 2019 monsoon periods are investigated. The observations from Micro Rain Radar (MRR) and Ceilometer are used to analyze precipitation microphysics and the vertical distribution of clouds during the intense rainfall episodes on 14 - 16th August 2018 and on 8th August 2019. The drop size distribution (DSD) spectra during the 2018 event is characterized by a large number of small to medium-sized drops resulting in maximum reflectivity of 48dBZ with mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm) value of 1.2 mm. At the same time, the 2019 event is characterized by larger drops and resulted in high reflectivity of 53dBZ and Dm value shifted to 1.4 mm. The consistent increment of Dm and σm with slight variation in Nt during the intensive rain hours on 8th August 2019 shows a mixed-phase microphysical process that can invigorate the production of convective rainfall from deep cloud bands (217 K of cloud top temperature) with enhanced rain water content (22 gm−3). The parameters of scaled raindrop size distributions corresponding to higher rain rates (>50 mmhr−1) suggest that the microphysical process that control the variations in DSD is strongly number controlled during these extreme rainfall events. The DSDs are evolved from a consistent, widespread rainfall supported by anomalous moisture advection from the Arabian Sea in 2018 monsoon period. The moisture convergence occurred on the elevated terrains leads to an intense spell of rainfall in two consecutive hours and satisfies the occurrence of a mini-cloud burst (MCB) event on 8th August 2019 causing flash flood in the region.