Estimation of proper shaking parameters for pistachio trees based on their trunk size

Trunk shaking is the most common mechanical harvesting system for harvesting pistachio. Harvesting machine operators often subjectively decide how to set the shaking parameters such as frequency and duration and this requires experience. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of tree morphology and shaking parameters such as trunk size and shaking pattern on the energy distribution through the branches and to optimise the shaking intensity of individual pistachio trees based on a tree-specific feedback loop. Wireless 3D accelerometer sensors were built and used to measure vibration transmission through the tree canopy at different locations and to monitor the energy transmission between the machine shaker head and the tree trunk. Thirty trees were selected for this study and were divided into three groups based on the trunk circumference size. To study the effect of a shaking pattern on the vibration transmission through the tree, four shaking patterns were selected and tested. Shaking duration was measured and it showed an average of 30% longer time compared to the shaking pattern duration. The effect of all four shaking patterns was analysed using continuous wavelet transform. The responses of trees were analysed and the optimum shaking intensity for each tree was determined. A model was developed to estimate the optimum shaking intensity for pistachio trees based on their trunk size. The model showed that 37, 57, and 65% are the optimum shaking intensity percentages for small, medium, and large trees, respectively. (C) 2022 IAgrE. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.