Numerical investigation on turbulent flow, heat transfer, and entropy generation of water-based magnetic nanofluid flow in a tube with hemisphere porous under a uniform magnetic field

This paper numerically investigates the forced convection and entropy generation of Fe3O4 water nanofluid inside a cylindrical tube with porous hemisphere media. The flow regime is turbulent under a uniform magnetic field and constant heat flux, and to solve the equations, the finite volume method is applied. The combination of nanofluid, magnetic field and porous hemisphere media on the flow and heat transfer in a tube is the main novelty. The effects of different parameters such as Reynolds number (10,000 to 25,000), porosity (ε = 20%, 40%, and 80%.), the solid volume fraction of nanofluid (0.5 vol%, 1 vol%, and 2.5 vol%), friction factor and entropy generation of Ferro-nanofluid in the tube are investigated. The Nusselt number, entropy generation, and friction factor have been discussed and analyzed detailly. It is found that as the Reynolds number enhances, the effect of inertial forces becomes more dominant. Furthermore, by increasing the porosity to 0.8, the Nusselt number decreases to a minimum value. Heat transfer enhancement by increasing Hartmann's number is less effective than adding nanoparticles. A more significant Hartmann number and larger nanoparticle volume fraction lead to more extensive performance evaluation criteria. It is also found that adding a magnetic field increases the friction factor. Adding nanoparticles to the pure water decreases entropy generation by heat transfer per unit volume.