Examining the Role of the Land Surface On Convection Using High‐Resolution Model Forecasts Over the Southeastern United States

The influence of the Unified Noah and Noah-MP land surface models (LSMs) on the evolution of cumulus clouds reaching convective initiation (CI) is assessed using infrared brightness temperatures (BT) from GOES-16. Cloud properties from individual cloud objects are examined using output from high-resolution (500 m horizontal grid spacing) model simulations. Cloud objects are tracked over time and related to observed clouds reaching CI to examine differences in cloud extent, longevity, and growth rate. The results demonstrate that differences in assumed surface properties can lead to large discrepancies in the net surface radiative budget, particularly in the sensible and latent heating components where differences exceed 40 W m(-2). These differences lead to changes in the local mesoscale circulation patterns that are more pronounced near the edges of forested and grassland boundaries where lower-level convergence is stronger. Higher sensible heating from the Noah-MP LSM produced growth of CI clouds earlier and with increased longevity, which was closer to the timing and growth observed from GOES-16. The increased cloud growth in the Noah-MP experiment results from stronger and deeper updrafts, which lofts more cloud water into the upper levels of the troposphere. The weaker updrafts from the Noah LSM experiment results in shallower convection after CI is detected due to slower growth rates. The differences in cloud properties and growth are directly related to the land surfaces they develop above and point to the importance of accurately representing land properties and radiative characteristics when simulating convection in numerical weather prediction models.