Weak Hadley cell intensity changes due to compensating effects of tropical and extratropical radiative forcing

The Hadley cell response to globally increasing CO 2 concentrations is spatially complex, with an intensified rising branch and weakened descending branch. To better understand these changes, we examine the sensitivity of the Hadley cell to idealized radiative forcing in different latitude bands. The Hadley cell response is, to first order, governed by the latitudinal structure of the forcing. The strengthening of the upward branch is attributed to tropical forcing, whereas the weakening of the descending branch is attributed to extratropical forcing. These direct radiatively-forced Hadley cell responses are amplified by changes in atmospheric eddy heat transport while being partially offset by changes in gross moist stability and ocean heat uptake. The radiative feedbacks further modulate the Hadley cell response by altering the meridional atmospheric energy gradient. The Hadley cell projections under global warming are thus a result of opposing – and thus compensating – effects from tropical and extratropical radiative forcings.