Harbour Porpoise Abundance in Portugal over a 5-Year Period and Estimates of Potential Distribution

Simple Summary The Iberian porpoise inhabits the Atlantic coast of Portugal and Spain. The population is relatively small and there is a high number of individuals accidentally captured in fisheries. Using airplane surveys, we estimated that there were only 2254 porpoises overall between 2011 and 2015 in the coast of Portugal. The highest annual number of porpoises was recorded in 2013 (3207 individuals). However, in the following year, our study revealed that the population had been reduced approximately by half (when an increase in stranded individuals was also registered). The northern area of Portugal presented the most suitable habitat for the Iberian harbour porpoise, where coastal fisheries represent a particularly important socio-economic activity. Measures to decrease fishing effort are urgently needed as well as detailed information on seasonal Iberian harbour porpoises' use of space. The Iberian porpoise population is small and under potentially unsustainable removal by fisheries bycatch. Recently, a marine Site of Community Importance (SCI) was legally approved in Portugal, but no measures ensued to promote porpoise conservation. Information about porpoise abundance and distribution is fundamental to guide any future conservation measures. Annual aerial surveys conducted between 2011 and 2015 show a low overall porpoise abundance and density (2254 individuals; 0.090 ind/km(2), CV = 21.99%) in the Portuguese coast. The highest annual porpoise estimates were registered in 2013 (3207 individuals, 0.128 ind/km(2)), followed by a sharp decrease in 2014 (1653 individuals, 0.066 ind/km(2)). The porpoise density and abundance estimated in 2015 remained lower than the 2013 estimates. A potential distribution analysis of the Iberian porpoise population was performed using ensembles of small models (ESMs) with MaxEnt and showed that the overall habitat suitability is particularly high in the Portuguese northern area. The analysis also suggested a different pattern in porpoise potential distribution across the study period. These results emphasize the importance of further porpoise population assessments to fully understand the spatial and temporal porpoise habitat use in the Iberian Peninsula as well as the urgent need for on-site threat mitigation measures.