Engineered nanomaterials in crop plants temperature and or heat stress management

The number of engineered nanomaterials has risen significantly due to the rapid growth and widespread application of nanotechnology. Agriculture in the 21st century faces a difficult challenge of increasing crop production by nearly 70% by 2050. Among the numerous abiotic factors threatening crop production around the world include progressive climate change reasons such as temperatures, water stress, salinity, and alkalinity. Temperature-stressed plants have low germination rates, slow development, and reduced photosynthesis, and they often die. Nanotechnology is a promising tool for increasing crop yields and ensuring long-term viability. Nanotechnology that involves the use of metal or metalloid nanoparticles (NPs) to improve plant abiotic stress tolerance is a budding branch in agriculture. Plants respond to abiotic stress in a number of ways, such as changing their morphology and physiology with respect to genes. When plants are exposed to heat and solar radiation, the scavenging system can malfunction, disrupting the balance between producing and quenching of reactive oxygen species. Recent investigation showed that the most effective ways to reduce the negative effects of heat stress on plants is to use nanoparticles. Heat stress alters the expression of genes involved in direct defense from stress related to heat, osmoprotectants, detoxifying enzymes, transporters, and regulatory proteins at the molecular level. The present chapter emphasizes the role of different metal NPs synthesized from chemical and biological method to overcome the effect of high temperature.