Nest Site Characteristics of Two Endangered Seabirds in Montane Wet Forests on the Island of Kaua.i, Hawai'i, USA

The nest site characteristics of two endangered seabird species-the Hawaiian Petrel Pterodroma sandwichensis and Newell's Shearwater Puffinus newelli-on Kaua'i were considered. Burrows of both species were predominantly found under tree roots or small caves on steep slopes and were associated with native plants, both in the canopy (particularly Metrosideros polymorpha) and the understory (particularly Dicranopteris linearis). There were, however, marked differences between the two species. Hawaiian Petrels were found at higher elevations with a shorter, patchy canopy and more open understory. Models using microhabitat variables were better able to classify burrows than those using landscape topographic metrics, suggesting that metrics describing the immediate area around the burrow are more important to burrow selection. A comparative model indicated that elevation and maximum vegetation height were the strongest variables in classifying between the two species. Understanding microhabitat needs for these species is important for locating new colonies and for the successful implementation of management actions such as colony creation through social attraction. Furthermore, with the spread of Rapid 'Ohi'a Death canker disease Ceratocystis huliohia on Kaua'i, the heavy reliance by both species on forest dominated by M. polymorpha (the tree killed by this disease) should be of increasing consideration for conservation efforts targeting these species.