Differential In Vitro Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation, Glucose Uptake and Cell Metabolism

(1) The cardio-reno-metabolic benefits of the SGLT2 inhibitors canagliflozin (cana), dapagliflozin (dapa), ertugliflozin (ertu), and empagliflozin (empa) have been demonstrated, but it remains unclear whether they exert different off-target effects influencing clinical profiles. (2) We aimed to investigate the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on mitochondrial function, cellular glucose-uptake (GU), and metabolic pathways in human-umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). (3) At 100 mu M (supra-pharmacological concentration), cana decreased ECAR by 45% and inhibited GU (IC5o: 14 mu M). At 100 mu M and 10 mu M (pharmacological concentration), cana increased the ADP/ATP ratio, whereas dapa and ertu (3, 10 mu M, about 10x the pharmacological concentration) showed no effect. Cana (100 mu M) decreased the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) by 60%, while dapa decreased it by 7%, and ertu and empa (all 100 mu M) had no significant effect. Cana (100 mu M) inhibited GLUT1, but did not significantly affect GLUTs' expression levels. Cana (100 mu M) treatment reduced glycolysis, elevated the amino acids supplying the tricarboxylic-acid cycle, and significantly increased purine/pyrimidine-pathway metabolites, in contrast to dapa (3 mu M) and ertu (10 mu M). (4) The results confirmed cana ' s inhibition of mitochondrial activity and GU at supra-pharmacological and pharmacological concentrations, whereas the dapa, ertu, and empa did not show effects even at supra-pharmacological concentrations. At supra-pharmacological concentrations, cana (but not dapa or ertu) affected multiple cellular pathways and inhibited GLUT1.