Mechanisms of vascular aging

Vascular aging plays a key role in morbidity and mortality in the elderly. With age, the vasculature undergoes changes characterized by endothelial dysfunction, wall thickening, decreased elongation, and arterial stiffness. The review focuses on the main cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging, including oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, increased arterial stiffness, and molecular genetic aspects. Their role in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with aging is considered. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes include increased expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases, activation of transforming growth factor β1 signaling, increased levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways. These events can be caused by vasoactive agents, such as angiotensin II and endothelin-1, the levels of which increase with aging. For prevention of cardiovascular diseases, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying age-related pathophysiological changes in the blood vessels.