Amblyopia treatment outcomes in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders

PURPOSE To compare amblyopia treatment outcomes between patients with neurodevelopmental disorders and their typically developing peers. METHODS Of 2,311 patients diagnosed with amblyopia between 2010 and 2014 at Boston Children's Hospital, 460 met inclusion criteria (age 2-12 with anisometropic, strabismic, or mixed amblyopia [interocular difference (IOD) >= 2 lines]). Treatment and visual outcomes were analyzed according to neurodevelopmental status: neurodevelopmental delay (DD) versus typical development (TD). RESULTS The DD group (n = 54) and TD group (n = 406) were similar in demographics, amblyogenic risk factors, baseline visual measures, prescribed therapy, and adherence (P >= 0.10). Between-visit follow-up time was longer for the DD group (0.65 [0.42-0.97] years) than for the TD group (0.5 [0.36-0.82] years; P = 0.023). IOD improved similarly in each group by the last visit (DD,-0.15 logMAR [-0.31 to-0.02]; TD,-0.2 logMAR [-0.38 to-0.1]; P = 0.09). Each group reached amblyopia resolution by the last visit at similar frequencies (DD, 23/54 [43%]; TD, 211/406 [52%]; P > 0.2). DD diagnosis did not independently in-fluence amblyopia resolution (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.53-1.12; P = 0.17), but each additional month of interval time between follow-up visits reduced the likelihood of resolution by 2.7% (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51-0.87; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Patients with DD and those with TD responded similarly to amblyopia therapy; however, follow-up intervals were longer in patients with DD and correlated with the likelihood of persistent amblyopia, suggesting that greater efforts at assuring follow-up may benefit patients with DD. ( J AAPOS 2023;27:276.e1-8)