Mosaic Based Optimization of NRD Guide Devices Using Binary Evolutionary Approaches and 2D-FVFEM

In this paper, efficient optimal design approaches based on mosaic optimization concept are developed for NRD guide devices to realize the high-performance compact millimeter-wave integrated circuit. Binary representation-based genetic algorithm, differential evolution algorithm, harmony search algorithm, firefly algorithm, and particle swarm optimization are developed to efficiently optimize the pixel pattern in the design region of NRD guide devices. To demonstrate the usefulness of these population-based optimizations, a comparative study based on the problem-solving success rate is conducted first. To carry out this study, four NRD circuit components are designed which include low crosstalk waveguide crossing, T-branch power splitter, bending waveguide, and frequency demultiplexer. The proposed optimal devices achieve high transmission efficiencies greater than 99.9%, 49.9%:49.9%, 99.9% at 60 GHz and 96.4%, 98.5% at 59 GHz and 61 GHz. In addition, the same NRD guide components except frequency demultiplexer are also designed at wideband operation and achieve broad bandwidth around 5 GHz, 4 GHz, and 3 GHz. In order to improve the computational efficiency, the originally developed two-dimensional full vectorial finite element method is employed for the numerical simulations. This paper demonstrates the detailed implementation procedure of developed evolutionary approaches for the material distribution in the design region of NRD guide devices, comparative study of developed optimization approaches, and proposed highly attributed NRD circuit components for the realization of NRD based high-performance compact millimeter-wave circuit.