Advanced on-site and in vitro signal amplification biosensors for biomolecule analysis

Point-of-care testing (POCT), as one part of in vitro diagnostic (IVD), has been gradually used in early diagnosis and personalized treatment in the clinics. Accurate and sensitive detection of clinically related biomarkers is valuable, especially using the methods with simple, rapid, high throughput, miniaturization, and low cost. Nowadays, various biomolecules have been regarded as biomarkers for diseases diagnosis, including proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cancer-derived exosomes, etc. Owing to the extremely low abundance of most of the biomarkers, it is hard to detect them directly. Therefore, combining with the current advanced techniques, we summarize the signal amplified biosensors for biomarkers detection based on electrochemistry, fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and mass spectrometry (MS), and focus on their analytical performances, applications, and further challenges in the clinical diagnosis and the potential perspective.