Water-rock interaction, formation and circulation mechanism of highly bicarbonate groundwater in the northwestern geothermal prospects of Rwanda

Five thermal springs, twelve non-thermal springs, and two lake water samples from the northwestern part of Rwanda were studied to assess their chemical character-istics and infer the formation mechanism of the thermal waters. Multicomponent mineral equilibrium (MME) geo-thermometer calculations at Gisenyi prospects with the highest in situ measured temperature (73.1??C) showed the reservoir temperature of 90??6??C. The MME tempera-ture estimates agreed well with Silica-based, K-Mg and Mg-Li geothermometers while the other cation geother-mometers (Na-K, Na-K-Ca, Na-K-Ca-Mg, and Na-Li) results are unreliable. Most of the non-thermal springs are Ca-Mg-HCO3 water-type while the thermal spring waters were majorly Na-HCO3. The ??D composition varied from-16.6 to-5.9%0 and from-11.8 to-5.0%0, while the ??18O ranged from-4.17 to-3.5%0 and-4.32 to-2.7%0, for ther-mal and non-thermal springs, respectively. All isotopic ratios scattered around the meteoric water lines, thus indicating their similar meteoric origin. In addition, there was no observable ??18O positive shift speculating less extent of water-rock interactions while geogenic CO2 ingress into the waters has been ascertained by both isotopic and chemical component ratios. We proposed a circulation mechanism of the thermal waters for the study area.