Development of Organochlorine Pesticide Electrochemical Sensor Based on Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles@indium Tin Oxide Electrode

Monitoring food quality and safety need the development of highly sensitive and accurate techniques. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a widely used category of pesticides. The high toxicity and high stability of OCPs pesticides made their detection the target of several research studies. Chloridazon, one of the wide used OCPs pesticides, and its major degradation product (chloridazon-desphenyl) have shown high harmful effects. Here, a specific OCPs electrochemical sensor was developed. Fe3O4 nanostructures decorated indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode showed high specificity towards the OCPs because of the capability of chlorine atoms, to interact with the iron oxide NPs. The chemical composition and the morphology of the modified nanosensor were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The results showed the formation of two morphologies, including spongy agglomerated NPs with100 nm in diameter and nanofibers with 20 nm in thickness. The modified electrode exhibited a high sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.9 mu mol L-1. Also, chloridazon was detected in the presence of various interferences, including isoproturon pesticide and urea. Furthermore, chloridazon pesticide was also detected in a surface water sample.