Recent evolution of glaciers in the Cocuy-Guican Mountains (Colombian Andes) and the hydrological implications

This study extends knowledge of the evolution of glacier shrinkage in the Cocuy-Guican Mountains since the maximum glacier extent of the Little Ice Age (LIA). Mass balance data for the Ritacuba Glacier since 2009 were acquired and compared with available data for the Conejeras Glacier (Los Nevados National Park). This study also investigated the hydrological significance of Colombian glaciers, which is still largely unknown because the available information is very limited. Glaciers in the Cocuy-Guican Mountains covered 13.2 km(2) in 2019 compared with 127.8 km(2) during the maximum LIA, representing a shrinkage of 89.7%. Analysis of glacier cover observations made in 1955, 1994, 2010, and 2019 revealed that the rate of ice loss was greatest from 1994 to 2010 (0.59 km(2) yr(-1)), and was then almost halved from 2010 to 2019 (0.34 km(2) yr(-1)). This slowing of glacier retreat is consistent with the moderate negative mass balance measured for 2009-2019, and an accumulated loss of 1766 mm w.e. (mm water equivalent). The progressive confinement of glaciers to higher elevations, ice accumulation in topographic locations providing shelter from solar radiation, and an absence of recent marked climatic anomalies could explain why the Cocuy-Guican glaciers have temporally reached a near equilibrium state conditions. This contrasts with the Conejeras Glacier, where 47,000 mm w.e. has been lost in the same period. The available data on runoff and isotope tracers of streamflow and precipitation suggest that precipitation rather than glacier melt water exerts primary control over the hydrological variability at high elevation sites.