Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers of Toxic Molecules

Extracellular vesiclesEndothelial extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by endothelial cells stand out for potentially carrying biomarkers that reflect the state of the endothelium, which is particularly interesting in the investigation of kidney and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) that are closely linked to its dysfunction. Endothelial EVs can be obtained from blood samples; however, the study of these EVs is challenging since complete isolation and purification is still unrealistic. Despite this, studies have shown differences in the protein profile and miRNA content present in the circulating EVs of patients with CVD and kidney diseases. By carrying molecules with biological activity, EVs are able to modulate the response of recipient cells, which may also contribute to the pathophysiology of these diseases. Given the importance of EVs, especially those derived from the endothelium, this chapter addresses the EV formation and content in order to investigate potential biomarkers as well as its effector role in disease progression.