The Impact of Seeding Density and Nitrogen Rates on Forage Yield and Quality of Avena sativa L

Green forage is an excellent feed source for livestock. It is an integral part of livestock production to accomplish the demands for butter, milk, and other derivatives for human utilization. Livestock contributes 11.39% towards the gross domestic product of Pakistan and 58.33% in agricultural farming. Livestock face shortage or insufficient supply of green fodder during the winter season, which ultimately reduces milk yield. Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a major forage crop in the winter season; however, several biotic and abiotic factors negatively affect its yields. Low soil fertility, particularly nitrogen deficiency, is regarded as one of the few reasons responsible for the low forage yield of oat. Low organic matter content in the soil, suboptimal agronomic practices, and harsh climatic conditions are the other major reasons for low oat yield. Seed rate and different nitrogen rates significantly alter green forage yield and quality of oat. This study assessed the impact of different seeding densities and nitrogen (N) doses on the forage yield of oat. Three seeding densities (70, 80, and 90 kg ha(-1)) and five N doses (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha(-1)) were included in the study. The interactive effect of seeding density and N doses significantly altered green forage yield and quality attributes of oat. The highest green forage yield (54.67 t ha(-1)) was noted for the interaction among 90 kg seed rate ha(-1) and 160 kg N ha(-1). Similarly, the highest germination count (140 m(-2)), number of tillers (5.97 m(-2)), plant height (122.97 cm), number of leaves per plant (24.50 m(-2)), leaf area per tiller (123.18 cm(2)), fresh weight (5.47 kg m(-2)), dry weight (1692 g m(-2)), dry matter yield (20.90 t ha(-1)), crude protein (10.54%), crude fiber (31.62%), and total ash (9.39%) were recorded for the interactive effect of 90 kg seed rate ha(-1) and 160 kg N ha(-1). Economic analysis revealed that interaction between 90 kg seed rate ha(-1) with 120 and 160 kg N ha(-1) was superior to others with higher benefit: cost ratio and net economic returns. It is recommended that the oat seed rate of forage oat crop must be kept at 90 kg ha(-1) and it should be supplied 120 kg N ha(-1) for higher yield, better quality, and more economic returns.