Study to examine the impacts of spiritual leadership style on organizational performance based on individual-level performance: a meta-analysis

Background: We undertook meta-analyses to see the impacts of spiritual leadership (SL) style on organizational performance based on the individual level performance indicators like job satisfaction, organization commitment, personal fulfillment, turnover intention, and employees' well-being. Method: A Random-Effects Model was carried out for all meta-analyses. Q statics and I-Square provide evidence of homogeneity in the effect sizes of the studies. This leads us to give more emphasis on the reporting bias analysis. We covered graphics as well statistical methods for reporting bias analysis. We applied Rosenthal’s failsafe N, for estimating the number of unpublished studies for sampling bias, Begg & Mazumdar rank correlation test for selection process bias, Egger's linear regression approach for funnel plot asymmetry, and association with reporting bias, and Funnel plot with trim-and-fill methods for detecting availability bias. We also conducted an outlier check-in effect size with a Galbraith plot. Results: Our results show that the SL styles have a positive impact on organizational performance based on the individual level performance measurement such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment.