Exploring the genetic and phenotypic diversity within and between onion ( Allium cepa L.) ecotypes in Morocco

Background Gaining insight into crop diversity, both at the genetic and phenotypic levels, is of prime importance for onion breeding with an enhanced yield and quality in combination with improved resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the current study, 192 different onion plants, representing 16 ecotypes, were characterized using ISSR markers. Results Based on the ISSR marker profile, there was a clear grouping of the plants into 16 different ecotypes. Though the 16 populations originated from the same geographic region in Morocco, a significant genetic diversity was detected. After a genomic characterization, field trials in three different environments in Morocco were laid out. The phenotypic characterization showed that there were always significant differences between ecotypes, and for most traits, there was also a significant environmental effect and a significant interaction between environment and ecotype. The broad-sense heritability ( H 2 ) for the phenotypic traits associated with color ( L *, a *, and b *) was the largest (84.2%, 80.6%, 79.2%), demonstrating that color is conditioned primarily by genetic factors. In contrast, the H 2 for yield was the lowest (41.8%), indicating that the environment has a substantial effect on yield. In addition, there was a significant association between the presence/absence of certain bands and various phenotypic traits. Conclusion ISSR markers are a powerful tool in distinguishing onion ecotypes. In addition, significant associations between marker scores and phenotypic traits could be detected, representing particular importance for future breeding programs.