Nanostructured self-assemblies of photosensitive dyes: green and efficient theranostic approaches

Recently, nano theranostics, by integrating diagnostic and therapeutic functions into a nano system, have provided increasing opportunities for the design of personalized medicine in cancer. Among the construction method of various theranostic nano systems, the design of single component nanoparticles which are composed of organic photosensitive dyes has become a promising approach to constructing multifunctional nano-theranostic systems, thanks to its unique advantages such as defined structure, 100% loading, and high repeatability. Specifically, depending on the inherent photonic imaging and therapeutic properties of the photosensitive dyes, the multifunctional purpose which integrates theranostic effects and targeting abilities can be realized via reasonable molecular modification and supramolecular assembly. In this review, recent advances in the development of nanostructured self-assemblies of porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and boron-dipyrromethanes for theranostics are summarized. Emphasis on their design consideration and theranostic applications are presented. Additionally, prospects for clinical practice and potential challenges of this rapidly growing field are also provided.