Documenting Opportunity for Systematic Identification and Mitigation of Risk for Child Maltreatment

This is a communication of preliminary data as a matter of priority in relation to Clinical Trials protocol ID 2018110118; NCT04438161. This protocol represents, to our knowledge, a first-ever attempt to convert an epidemiologic discovery on risk for child maltreatment (CM) into a readily deployable modification of obstetrical practice designed to offset risk for CM and its psychiatric sequelae. Before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 pandemic), CM has incurred a burden of epidemic proportions to U.S. children, with confirmed incidents occurring on the order of 12% of the population. Wu et al. and Putnam-Hornstein and Needell previously established that profiles of risk ascertained exclusively from birth records identified specific groups of newborns at highly elevated risk for official-report CM. For example, infants with the joint characteristics of low birth weight, more than 2 siblings, and maternal characteristics of being unmarried, on Medicaid, and smoking during pregnancy (ascertained separately) were found to have a 7-fold risk for maltreatment compared with the population average. Putnam-Hornstein and Needell showed that newborns with 3 or more risk factors ascertained from birth records (including any of the above, delayed prenatal care, less than high school maternal education, and maternal age less than 24 years) comprised 15% of an epidemiologic birth cohort but accounted for more than half of all the children in the cohort who experienced substantiated official-report maltreatment by the age of 5 years. This study explored whether prospective implementation of birth records screening in an urban obstetrical service recapitulated the association with CM observed in an epidemiologic context and whether families in higher echelons of risk (ascertained in this manner through birth records) could be prospectively engaged in supportive interventions of demonstrated effect in reducing the occurrence of CM. This work follows on promising efforts elsewhere to use birth records information to prioritize support services for young families, though such innovations have yet to be systematically incorporated into obstetrical or newborn medical services of U.S. health systems.