Evaluation of immunological responses to third COVID-19 vaccine among people treated with sphingosine receptor-1 modulators and anti-CD20 therapy.

Participants on immunomodulators had impaired antibody neutralization capacity, particularly to BA.1, even after a third vaccine. T cell responses were not affected by anti-CD20 therapies, but were nearly abrogated by S1PR modulators. These results have clinical implications warranting further study.