Activation of nitrogen species mixed with Ar and H 2 S plasma for directly N-doped TMD films synthesis

Among the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) are promising sulfides for replacing noble metals in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) owing to their abundance and good catalytic activity. However, the catalytic activity is derived from the edge sites of WS 2 and MoS 2 , while their basal planes are inert. We propose a novel process for N-doped TMD synthesis for advanced HER using N 2 + Ar + H 2 S plasma. The high ionization energy of Ar gas enabled nitrogen species activation results in efficient N-doping of TMD (named In situ-MoS 2 and In situ-WS 2 ). In situ-MoS 2 and WS 2 were characterized by various techniques (Raman spectroscopy, XPS, HR-TEM, TOF–SIMS, and OES), confirming nanocrystalline and N-doping. The N-doped TMD were used as electrocatalysts for the HER, with overpotentials of 294 mV (In situ-MoS 2 ) and 298 mV (In situ-WS 2 ) at a current density of 10 mA cm −2 , which are lower than those of pristine MoS 2 and WS 2 , respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted for the hydrogen Gibbs energy (∆G H ) to investigate the effect of N doping on the HER activity. Mixed gas plasma proposes a facile and novel fabrication process for direct N doping on TMD as a suitable HER electrocatalyst.