Summary and perspective for future research on the contribution of microbiota in visceral and neurological disorders

Human gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms. It is essential for the development of the host’s immune system and many other physiological functions. The gut microbiome communicates with the brain through the gut–brain axis, a bidirectional pathway that integrates the gut and brain activities. Studies have revealed how diverse forms of neuro-immune and neurological disorders are correlated with or modulated by variations of the microbiome, microbiota-derived products, and exogenous antibiotics and probiotics. Growing evidence suggests that by manipulating the gut microbiota composition by changing diet, using probiotics, prebiotics, and antibiotics, and via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), one can promote changes in host health. Disruption of this ecosystem is associated with many visceral and neurological diseases indicating the importance of maintaining the host’s health.