Non-collagenous ECM Matrix Components Growth Factors and Cytokines Involved in Matrix Mineralization

Biomineralization is a widespread process in living organisms to form minerals to harden tissues via hierarchically structured organic-inorganic composites. These processes are very diverse and complex. However, the site-specific location, size, and morphology of the crystals formed are specifically controlled by various cellular activities that vary between organisms. In vertebrates, bone, cartilage, and teeth are calcified tissues that are essential for the functional and structural integrity of the organism. The composition, crystal morphology, and materials properties of these structural elements are intriguing to multidisciplinary scientists. Further, the simplicity of biomineralization process with low energy costs, high quality, and formation under ambient conditions are impossible to reproduce in a bio-free system. Studies have implicated that the organic component of the mineralized tissues which include collagen and non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) play a critical role in mineral nucleation and growth. In this review, we highlight recent developments in dentin biomineralization process with respect to matrix proteins and growth factors.