Exercise regulates cardiac metabolism: Sex does matter

Cardiac substrate utilization remains a critical focus for the research community.~1 Research has acknowledged the role of metabolic flexibility in the development and progression of cardiac dysfunction during a variety of diseases and conditions. 2,3 Under resting basal conditions,the heart relies on fatty acid metabolism as the primary energy source with glucose,lactate,ketone bodies,pyruvate,acetate,and branched-chain amino acids contributing as substrates depending on substrate availability,hormonal status,and myocardial conditioning.~4