Maternal Lipid Metabolism Is Associated With Neonatal Adiposity: A Longitudinal Study

Context: Pregnancy is characterized by progressive decreases in glucose insulin sensitivity. Low insulin sensitivity resulting in hyperglycemia is associated with higher neonatal adiposity. However, less is known regarding lipid metabolism, particularly lipid insulin sensitivity in pregnancy and neonatal adiposity. Objective: Because higher maternal prepregnancy body mass index is strongly associated with both hyperlipidemia and neonatal adiposity, we aimed to examine the longitudinal changes in basal and clamp maternal lipid metabolism as contributors to neonatal adiposity. Methods: Twelve women planning a pregnancy were evaluated before pregnancy, in early (12-14 weeks), and late (34-36 weeks) gestation. Body composition was estimated using hydrodensitometry. Basal and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp glucose and glycerol turnover (GLYTO) were measured using H-2(2)-glucose and H-2(5)-glycerol and substrate oxidative/nonoxidative metabolism with indirect calorimetry. Total body electrical conductivity was used to estimate neonatal body composition. Results: Basal free-fatty acids decreased with advancing gestation (P = 0.0210); however, basal GLYTO and nonoxidative lipid metabolism increased over time (P= 0.0046 and P= 0.0052, respectively). Further, clamp GLYTO and lipid oxidation increased longitudinally over time (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0238, respectively). There was a median 50% increase and significant positive correlation during both basal and clamp GLYTO from prepregnancy through late gestation. Neonatal adiposity correlated with late pregnancy basal and clamp GLYTO (r = 0.6515, P = 0.0217; and r = 0.6051, P = 0.0371). Conclusions: Maternal prepregnancy and late pregnancy measures of basal and clamp lipid metabolism are highly correlated. Late pregnancy basal and clamp GLYTO are significantly associated with neonatal adiposity and account for similar to 40% of the variance in neonatal adiposity. These data emphasize the importance of maternal lipid metabolism relating to fetal fat accrual.