Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Population Causing Recent Wheat Stem Rust Epidemics in Kazakhstan Is Highly Diverse and Includes Novel Virulence Pathotypes.

Wheat stem rust, caused by f. sp. (), is a reemerging disease that caused severe epidemics in northern Kazakhstan and western Siberia in the period of 2015 to 2019. We analyzed 51 stem rust samples collected between 2015 and 2017 in five provinces in Kazakhstan. A total of 112 races were identified from 208 single-pustule isolates. These races are phenotypically and genotypically diverse, and most of them are likely of sexual origin. No differentiation of phenotypes and single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes was observed between isolates from Akmola and North Kazakhstan provinces, supporting the idea of a wide dispersal of inoculum in the northern regions of the country. Similarities in virulence profiles with races previously reported in Siberia, Russia, suggest that northern Kazakhstan and western Siberia constitute a single stem rust epidemiological region. In addition to the races of sexual origin, six races reported in Europe, the Caucasus, and East Africa were detected in Kazakhstan, indicating that this epidemiological region is not isolated, and spore inflow from the west occurs. Virulence alone or in combination to several genes effective against the Ug99 race group was detected, including novel virulence on + and . The occurrence of a highly diverse population with virulence to an important group of genes demonstrated the importance of the pathogen's sexual cycle in generating new and potentially damaging virulence combinations.