Low heritability of crossover rate in wild sticklebacks

Crossover rate is mostly studied with domesticated or lab–reared populations and little is known about its genetic variation in the wild. We studied the variation and genetic underpinnings of crossover rate in outbred wild nine– ( Pungitius pungitius ) and three–spined ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) sticklebacks. In both species, the crossover rate of females exceeded that of males as did also its repeatability (RFemales=0.21–0.33, RMales=0.026–0.11), implying individual differences of crossover rate in females, but no or less so in males. However, in both species and sexes additive genetic variance and heritability of crossover rate were effectively zero. A review of the previously reported repeatability and heritability estimates revealed that the repeatabilities in stickleback females were moderately high, whereas those in males were very low. Genome–wide association analyses recovered a few candidate regions possibly involved with control of crossover rate. The low additive genetic variance of crossover rate in wild sticklebacks suggest limited evolvability of crossover rate. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.